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Nudity in film is any presentation in films that involves people who are naked or wearing less clothing than contemporary norms consider modest. The presentation of nudity in films or otherwise has since the development of the medium been controversial, and most nude scenes in films have had to be justified as being part of the story, in the concept of "artistically justifiable nudity". In some cases nudity is itself the object of a film or is used in the development of the character of the subject. In some cases, nudity has been criticized as "superfluous" or "gratuitous" to the plot, and some film producers have been accused of including nudity in a film to appeal to certain audiences. Many actors and actresses have appeared nude, or exposing parts of their bodies or dressed in ways considered provocative by contemporary standards at some point in their careers. Nudity in film should be distinguished from sex in film. Erotic films are suggestive of sexuality, and usually contain nudity, though that is not a prerequisite. Nudity in a sexual context is common in pornographic films, but softcore pornographic films generally avoid depiction of a penis or a vulva. A film on naturism or about people for whom nudity is common may contain non-sexual nudity, and some other non-pornographic films may contain very brief nude scenes. The vast majority of nudity in film is found in pornographic films. Nude scenes can be controversial in some cultures because they may challenge some of the community's standards of modesty. These standards vary by culture, and depend on the type of nudity, who is exposed, which parts of the body are exposed, the duration of the exposure, the pose, the context, and other aspects. Regardless, in many cultures nudity in film is subject to censorship or rating regimes which control the content of films, with the intention of limiting content that is deemed by the classification authorities or the movie industry, or both, to be harmful or undesirable, morally or otherwise. Many directors and producers apply self-censorship, limiting nudity (and other content) in their films, to avoid external censorship or a strict rating, in countries that have a rating system. Directors and producers may choose to limit nudity because of objections from actors involved, or for a wide variety of other personal, artistic, genre-bound or narrative-oriented reasons. Over the years, the nudity in film was a source of scandal and provocation; but its presence today is treated largely naturally, frequently with nudity being shown in scenes that naturally require it, such as those that take place in nature or in the bathroom or in love scenes. For example, ''The Blue Lagoon'' (1980), by Randal Kleiser, shows the awakening of the sexual instinct in two shipwrecked young people on a tropical island where nudity is part and parcel of the natural environment in which they move. The relationship between a painter and his model, who traditionally poses in the nude, is the context of a number of films. In ''La Belle Noiseuse'' ("The Beautiful Liar", 1991), by Jacques Rivette, the painter's model motivates him again after a period of lack of inspiration of the artist. Similarly, in ''Titanic'' (1997), by James Cameron, Kate Winslet poses nude for Leonardo DiCaprio. These films show the close relationship between film and the traditional art nude in art in films such as ''The Adventures of Baron Munchausen'' (1988), by Terry Gilliam, where Uma Thurman poses as Botticelli's ''The Birth of Venus'', and ''Goya in Bordeaux'' (1999) by Carlos Saura, where Maribel Verdú poses as Goya's ''The Naked Maja''. == Nude photography before cinema == (詳細はbodystockings could at times be used to simulate nudity. Actresses could appear on stage in bodystockings which left little to the imagination, for roles such as Lady Godiva. American actress Adah Isaacs Menken created controversy in 1861 when she wore a flesh-colored bodystocking in the play ''Mazeppa'', based on Byron's "Mazeppa", in which she played a Polish man who was tied nude to the back of a wild horse by his enemies.〔Brooks, Daphne A. "Lady Menken's Secret: Adah Isaacs Menken, Actress Biographies and the Race for Sensation". ''Legacy'', Volume 15, Number 1 (1998): pages 68–77.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of Bodystockings )〕 She also posed nude for photographs.〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=The Great Bare )〕 Sarah Bernhardt early in her career posed topless on several occasions for French photographer Felix Nadar. She is nevertheless seen with her top covered in surviving stills of these sessions. At least one later topless photograph of the young Bernhardt made in 1873 survives. These nude sessions were not meant for outright public consumption but for the encouraging of theatrical employers or personal guests. Thus nude photos of women like Menken and Bernhardt are known only to scholars and perhaps theater buffs. In the 1880s, Eadweard Muybridge, at the dawn of the invention of the motion picture, used a device he called a zoopraxiscope to project a series of successive still photographs. The photos would then be played one after the other giving the illusion of movement. Sometimes the same sequence would be filmed using several cameras. Many of Muybridge's photographic sessions using the zoopraxiscope had nude anonymous models, both female and male, and even Walt Whitman and George Bernard Shaw posed nude for a session.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Freeze Frame )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Eadward J. Muybridge )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nudity in film」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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